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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Rice GP et al. Interferon in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 Jacobs LD et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. The Multiple Sclerosis Collaborative Research Group (MSCRG). Ann Neurol 1996; 39:285-94.
  3. ↑ Knobler RL et al. Systemic recombinant human interferon-beta treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: pilot study analysis and six-year follow-up. J Interferon Res 1993; 13:333-40.
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993; 43:655-61.
  5. ↑ Durelli L et al. Chronic systemic high-dose recombinant interferon alfa-2a reduces exacerbation rate, MRI signs of disease activity, and lymphocyte interferon gamma production in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1994; 44:406-13.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352:1498-504.
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Myhr KM et al. Interferon-alpha2a reduces MRI disease activity in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Norwegian Study Group on Interferon-alpha in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 1999; 52:1049-56.
  8. ↑ The Once Weekly Interferon for MS Study Group. Evidence of interferon beta-1a dose response in relapsing-remitting MS: the OWIMS Study. Neurology 1999; 53:679-86.
  9. ↑ Goodin DS et al. Survival in MS: a randomized cohort study 21 years after the start of the pivotal IFNβ-1b trial. Neurology 2012; 78(17):1315-22.
  10. ↑ Brex PA et al. A longitudinal study of abnormalities on MRI and disability from multiple sclerosis. N.Engl.J.Med 2002; 346:158-64.
  11. ↑ Ebers et al. Analysis of clinical outcomes according to original treatment groups 16 years after the pivotal IFNB-1b trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81(8):907-12.
  12. ↑ Kappos, L. Long term tolerability to interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting MS: 6-year safety follow-up of the PRISM study. Joint ECTRIMS/ACTRIMS meeting 18.-22.9.02. Baltimore, US. 2002.
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Francis GS et al. Hepatic reactions during treatment of multiple sclerosis with interferon-beta-1a: incidence and clinical significance. Drug Saf 2003; 26:815-27.
  14. ↑ Tremlett HL et al. Liver injury associated with the beta-interferons for MS: a comparison between the three products. Neurology 2004; 62:628-31.
  15. ↑ Durelli L et al. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 2002; 359:1453-60.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Panitch H et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: The EVIDENCE Trial. Neurology 2002; 59:1496-506.
  17. ↑ Koch-Henriksen N et al. A randomized study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2006; 66(7):1056-60.
  18. ↑ The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group and The University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial. Neurology 1995; 45:1277-85.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 O'Connor P et al. 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. BEYOND-Study Group. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(10):889-97.
  20. ↑ Mikol DD et al. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. REGARD Study Group. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(10):903-14.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 Cohen J et al. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. (TRANSFORMS)N Engl J Med 2010; 362(5):402-15.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Vermersch P et al. Teriflunomide versus subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. (TENERE) Mult Scler. 2014;20(6):705-16.
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Kappos L et al. Long-term subcutaneous interferon beta-1a therapy in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2006; 67:944-53.
  24. ↑ Farrell R et al. Neutralizing anti-interferon beta antibodies are associated with reduced side effects and delayed impact on efficacy of Interferon-beta. Mult Scler 2008; 14:212-8.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Walther EU et al. Bildung von neutralisierenden Antikörpern unter Therapie der multiplen Sklerose mit Interferon beta-1b: Praktisches Vorgehen bei Verdacht auf Therapieversagen. Nervenarzt 1997; 68:935-9.
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Hartung HP et al. Neutralising antibodies to interferon beta in multiple sclerosis : expert panel report. J Neurol 2007; 254:827-37.
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 Brainin M et al. Guidance for the preparation of neurological management guidelines by EFNS scientific task forces-revised recommendations 2004. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:577-81.
  28. ↑ Pachner AR. Anti-IFNß antibodies in IFNß-treated MS patients: Summary. Neurology 2003; 61:1-5.
  29. ↑ Maurer M et al. Treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis with recombinant interferon-beta preparations. Nervenarzt 2001; 72:108-16.
  30. ↑ Salama H et al. Blocking effects of serum reactive antibodies induced by glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis. Brain 2003; 126:2638-47.
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 31,2 Feinstein A et al. Multiple sclerosis, interferon beta-1b and depression A prospective investigation. J Neurol 2002; 249:815-20.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Borras C et al. Emotional state of patients with relapsing-remitting MS treated with interferon beta-1b. Neurology 1999; 52:1636-9.
  33. ↑  33,0 33,1 Rio J et al. Corticosteroids, ibuprofen, and acetaminophen for IFN-beta-1a flu symptoms in MS: a randomized trial. Neurology 2004; 63:525-8.
  34. ↑ Lublin FD et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: results of an international survey. National Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA) Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of New Agents in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology 1996; 46:907-11.
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Lu et al. Disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis in pregnancy: a systematic review. Neurology 2012,79(11):1130-5.
  36. ↑ 36,0 36,1 36,2 European Medicines Agency Plegridy - Peginterferon beta-1a: Zusammenfassung des EPAR für die Öffentlichkeit. Stand Juli 2014. URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/de_DE/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/human/002827/WC500170305.pdf; Zugriff am: 23.01.2015
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 37,2 37,3 37,4 37,5 Calabresi PA et al. Pegylated interferon beta-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (ADVANCE): a randomised, phase 3, double-blind study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13: 657–65.
  38. ↑ 38,0 Bornstein MB et al. A pilot trial of Cop 1 in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:408-14.
  39. ↑ 39,0 Johnson KP et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1995; 45:1268-76.
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Comi G et al. European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging—measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. European/Canadian Glatiramer Acetate Study Group. Ann Neurol 2001; 49:290-7.
  41. ↑ Munari L et al. Therapy with glatiramer acetate for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; CD004678.
  42. ↑ Johnson KP et al. Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®): comparison of continuous versus delayed therapy in a six-year organized multiple sclerosis trial. Mult Scler 2003; 9:585-91.
  43. ↑ Comi G et al. Glatiramer acetate. Neurologia 2002; 17:244-58.
  44. ↑ Mikol DD et al. and the REGARD Study Group. Comparison of subcutaneous Interferon beta-1A with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2008; 10:903.
  45. ↑ 45,0, 45,1 45,2 Fox RJ et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 or glatiramer in multiple sclerosis. (CONFIRM) N Engl J Med 2012; 367(12):1087-97.
  46. ↑ Coyle PK Evidence-based medicine and clinical trials Neurology 2007; 68(24 Suppl 4):S3-7.
  47. ↑ Filippi M et al. Effects of oral glatiramer acetate on clinical and MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5:213-20.
  48. ↑ Cohen JA et al. Randomized, double-blind, dose-comparison study of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2007; 68:939-44.
  49. ↑  49,0 49,1 Gold R et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. (DEFINE) N Engl J Med 2012; 367(12):1098-107.
  50. ↑ van Oosten BW et al. Case reports of PML in patients treated for psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(11):1081-2.
  51. ↑ Ermis U et al.Case reports of PML in patients treated for psoriasis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(11):1081.
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1O'Connor P et al. Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis. (TEMSO) N Engl J Med 2011; 365(14):1293-303.
  53. ↑  53,0 53,1 Kappos L et al. The efficacy and safety of teriflunomide in patients with relapsing MS: results from TOWER, a Phase III placebo-controlled study. Poster/Presentation. ECTRIMS 2012. Mult Scler J 2012; 18:9–53. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00751881).
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 Kappos L et al. A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Oral Fingolimod in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. (FREEDOMS) N Engl J Med 2010; 362:387-401.
  55. ↑ Gold R et al. Assessment of cardiac safety during fingolimod treatment initiation in a real-world relapsing multiple sclerosis population: a phase 3b, open-label study. J Neurol 2014; 261: 267–276.
  56. ↑ Miller DH et al. A controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:15-23.
  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 57,2 Polman CH et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. (AFFIRM) N Engl J Med 2006; 354:899-910.
  58. ↑ 58,0 58,1 58,2 Rudick RA et al. Natalizumab plus interferon beta-1a for relapsing multiple sclerosis. (SENTINEL) N Engl J Med 2006; 354:911-23.
  59. ↑ Yousry TA et al. Evaluation of patients treated with natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:924-33.
  60. ↑ Bozic C et al. Natalizumab Utilization and Safety in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis: Updated Results From TOUCH and TYGRIS. Biogen Idec, Inc., Cambridge, MA Poster beim Am Assoc Neurology April 2008.
  61. ↑ Rudick RA et al. Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: effects of natalizumab. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:335-46.
  62. ↑ Gold R et al. Expert opinion: guidelines for the use of natalizumab in multiple sclerosis patients previously treated with immunomodulating therapies. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 187:156-8.
  63. ↑ 63,0 Fox RJ et al. MS disease activity in RESTORE: A randomized 24-week natalizumab treatment interruption study. Neurology 2014; 82(17):1491-8.
  64. ↑  64,0 64,1 64,2 64,3 Cohen JA et al. Alemtuzumab versus interferon beta 1a as first-line treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012; 380(9856): 1819-1828.
  65. ↑ 65,0 65,1 65,2 65,3 Coles AJ et al. Alemtuzumab for patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis after disease-modifying therapy: a randomised controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet 2012;380(9856):1829-39.
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 66,2 66,3 66,4 66,5 66,6 Cassetta I et al. Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD003982.
  67. ↑ 67,0 67,1 Milanese C et al. A double blind study on azathioprine efficacy in multiple sclerosis: final report. J Neurol 1993; 240:295-8.
  68. ↑ Zaffaroni M et al. Loss of suppressor-inducer T-cells in chronic-progressive multiple sclerosis: preliminary results. Adv Exp Med Biol 1989; 257:293-5.
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Goodkin DE et al. The efficacy of azathioprine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1991; 41:20-5.
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group. Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1988; 2:179-83.
  71. ↑ Ghezzi A.Clinical controlled randomised trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. In: Gonsette RE, Delmotte. Recent advantages in multiple sclerosis. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1989.
  72. ↑ Cavazzuti M et al. Lesion load quantification in serial MR of early relapsing multiple sclerosis patients in azathioprine treatment. A retrospective study. Eur Neurol 1997; 38:284-90.
  73. ↑ Milanese C et al. Azathioprine and interferon beta-1b treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001; 70:413-4.
  74. ↑ Etemadifar M et al. Comparison of interferon beta products and azathioprine in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 2007; 254:1723-8.
  75. ↑ Palace J et al. New treatments and azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997; 350:261.
  76. ↑ British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group. Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1988 2:179-83.
  77. ↑ Taylor L et al. The risk of cancer from azathioprine as a treatment for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11:141.
  78. ↑ Millefiorini E et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trialof mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 24-month clinical and MRI outcome. J Neurol 1997;244:153-9.
  79. ↑ Edan G et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997;62:112-8.
  80. ↑ 80,0 80,1 80,2 80,3 80,4 Hartung HP et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002;360:2018-25.
  81. ↑ van de Wyngaert FA et al. A double-blind clinical trial of mitoxantrone versus methylprednisolone in relapsing, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Belgica 2001; 101(4):210–6.
  82. ↑ Kappos L et al. Final analysis of the European multicenter trial on IFNbeta-1b in secondary-progressive MS. Neurology 2001; 57:1969-75.
  83. ↑ 83,0 Martinelli Boneschi G et al.Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis. [Systematic Review] Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis Group Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2, 2008.
  84. ↑ Ghalie RG et al. Cardiac adverse effects associated with mitoxantrone (Novantrone) therapy in patients with MS. Neurology 2002;59:909-13.
  85. ↑ Chaplain G et al. Increased risk of acute leukemia after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2836-42.
  86. ↑ Ghalie RG et al. A study of therapy-related acute leukaemia after mitoxantrone therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2002;8:441-5.
  87. ↑ Rosenkranz T, Novas M, Terborg C.PML in a patient with lymphocytopenia treated with dimethyl fumarate.N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9;372(15):1476-8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1415408.
  88. ↑ Kappos L. Daclizumab HYP versus Interferon Beta-1a in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2015
  89. ↑ 89,0 89,1 Khan O et al.Three Times Weekly Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. (GALA) Ann Neurolog 2013;73:705–713
  90. ↑ Giovannoni G et al. a placebo-controled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010
  91. ↑ 91,0 91,1 91,2 91,3 91,4 Hauser SL et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (OPERA). N Engl J Med. 2017
  92. 92,0 Comi G. et al. Pooled safety and tolerability data from four placebo-controlled teriflunomide studies and extensions. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 2015
  93. ↑ Paul-Ehrlich-Institut (PEI), EMA und Rote-Hand-Brief der Herstellerfirma - 15.04. 2019
  94. ↑ Pressemitteilung des Paul-Ehrlich-Institutes. 01.11.2019
  95. ↑ CHMP-Empfehlung Schwangere MS-Patientinnen dürfen Interferon beta erhalten. DAZ.online 24.09.2019
  96. ↑ 96,0 96,1 K. Hellwig et al. Pregnancy outcomes in interferon‐beta‐exposed patients with multiple sclerosis: results from the European Interferon‐beta Pregnancy Registry. Journal of Neurology 2020
  97. ↑ 97,0 97,1 Govindappa K et al. Development of interferon beta-neutralising antibodies in multiple sclerosis – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2015 
  98. ↑ 98,0 98,1 Alba Palé L et al. Systematic review of depression in patients with multiple sclerosis and its relationship to interferon-beta treatment. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 2017
  99. ↑ 99,0 99,1 La Mantia L, Di Pietrantonj C et al. Interferons-beta versus glatiramer acetate for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 
  100. ↑ 100,0 100,1 Balak DM et al. Cutaneous adverse events associated with disease-modifying treatment in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Mult. Scler. 2012 Dec;18(12):1705-17
  101. ↑ 101,0 101,1 Reese J et al. Both paracetamol and ibuprofen are equally effective in managing flu-like symptomsin relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients during interferon beta-1a (AVONEX) therapy. Mult. Scler. 2002 Feb;8(1):15-8
  102. ↑ 102,0 102,1 Lawrence D. Jacobs et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 343, 13.
  103. ↑ 103,0 103,1 La Mantia L, Vacchi L et al. Interferon beta for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;1:CD00518
  104. ↑  Cohen JA et al. Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RADIANCE): a multicentre, randomised, 24-month, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(11):1021-1033.
  105. ↑  Comi G et al. Safety and efficacy of ozanimod versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis (SUNBEAM): a multicentre, randomised, minimum 12-month, phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(11):1009-1020.