Einzelnachweise

  1. ↑ European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo-controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998; 352:1491-7.
  2. ↑ Goodkin, D. The North Amercian study of IFNß in SPMS. 2001. Schering Research and Development.
  3. ↑ Panitch H et al; North American Study Group on Interferon beta-1b in Secondary Progressive MS. Interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS: results from a 3-year controlled study. Neurology 2004; 63(10):1788-95.
  4. ↑ SPECTRIMS Study Group. Randomized controlled trial of interferon- beta-1a in secondary progressive MS: Clinical results. Neurology 2001; 56:1496-504.
  5. ↑ Cohen JA et al. Benefit of interferon beta-1a on MSFC progression in secondary progressive MS. Neurology 2002; 59:679-87.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Kappos L et al. Final analysis of the European multicenter trial on IFNbeta-1b in secondary-progressive MS. Neurology 2001; 57:1969-75.
  7. ↑ MS Therapie Konsensus Gruppe. Immunmodulatorische Stufentherapie der Multiplen Sklerose: 1. Ergänzung: Dezember 2000. Nervenarzt 2001; 72:150-7.
  8. ↑ Andersen O et al. Multicentre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, phase III study of weekly, low dose, subcutaneous interferon beta-1a in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75(5):706-10.
  9. ↑ Millefiorini E et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitoxantrone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: 24-month clinical and MRI outcome. J Neurol 1997; 244:153-9.
  10. ↑ Edan G et al. Therapeutic effect of mitoxantrone combined with methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis: a randomised multicentre study of active disease using MRI and clinical criteria. J.Neurol.Neurosurg.Psychiatry 1997;62:112-8.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Hartung HP et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 360:2018-25.
  12. ↑ van de Wyngaert FA et al. A double-blind clinical trial of mitoxantrone versus methylprednisolone in relapsing, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurologica Belgica 2001; 101(4):210–6.
  13. ↑ Martinelli Boneschi G et al.Mitoxantrone for multiple sclerosis. [Systematic Review] Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis Group Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2, 2008.
  14. ↑ Ghalie RG et al. Cardiac adverse effects associated with mitoxantrone (Novantrone) therapy in patients with MS. Neurology 2002;59:909-13.
  15. ↑ Chaplain G et al. Increased risk of acute leukemia after adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2836-42.
  16. ↑ Ghalie RG et al. A study of therapy-related acute leukaemia after mitoxantrone therapy for multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2002;8:441-5.
  17. ↑ British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group. Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1988; 2:179-83.
  18. ↑ Milanese C et al. Double blind controlled randomized study on azathioprine efficacy in multiple sclerosis. Preliminary results. Ital J Neurol Sci 1988; 9:53-7.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 19,3 19,4 19,5 Ellison GW et al. A placebo-controlled, randomized, double-masked, variable dosage, clinical trial of azathioprine with and without methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1989; 39:1018-26.
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Ghezzi A. Clinical controlled randomised trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. In: Gonsette RE, Delmotte. Recent advantages in multiple sclerosis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1989.
  21. ↑ Mertin J et al. Double-blind controlled trial of immunosuppression in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final report. Lancet 1982; 2:351-4.
  22. ↑ Cassetta I et al. Azathioprine for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 CD003982.
  23. ↑ Palace J et al. New treatments and azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1997;350:261.
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 British and Dutch Multiple Sclerosis Azathioprine Trial Group. Double-masked trial of azathioprine in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1988 2:179-83.
  25. ↑ Amato MP et al. Long- term safety of azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1993;43:831-3.
  26. ↑ Confavreux C et al. Risk of cancer from azathioprine therapy in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study. Neurology 1996;46:1607-12.
  27. ↑ Polifka JE et al. Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology 2002;65:240-61.
  28. ↑ Fernandez O et al. Combination therapy with interferon beta-1b and azathioprine in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. A two-year pilot study. J Neurol 2002;249:1058-62.
  29. ↑ La Mantia B et al. Cyclophosphamide for multiple sclerosis. [Systematic Review] Cochrane Multiple Sclerosis Group Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2, 2008.
  30. ↑ Likosky WH et al. Intense immunosuppression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: the Kaiser study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991 54:1055-60.
  31. ↑ The Canadian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. The Canadian cooperative trial of cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1991 337:441-6.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 The Canadian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. The Canadian cooperative trial of cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange in progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1991; 337:441-6.
  33. ↑ 33,0 33,1 33,2 33,3 33,4 Weiner HL et al. Intermittent cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in progressive multiple sclerosis: final report of the Northeast Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis Treatment Group. Neurology 1993; 43:910-8.
  34. ↑ Currier RD et al. Low dose oral methotrexate treatment of multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993;56:1217-8.
  35. ↑ 35,0 35,1 Goodkin DE et al. Low-dose (7.5 mg) oral methotrexate reduces the rate of progression in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1995;37:30-40.
  36. ↑ Gray O et al. Methotrexate for multiple sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004 CD003208.
  37. ↑ Beyeler C Methotrexatbehandlung der rheumatoiden Arthritis. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1996; 126:703-12.
  38. ↑ Goodkin DE et al. A phase II study of i.v. methylprednisolone in secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1998; 51:239-45.
  39. ↑ Hommes OR et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:1149-56.
  40. ↑ Pohlau D et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in primary and secondary chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomized placebo controlled multicentre study. Mult Scler 2007; 13:1107-17.
  41. ↑ Sipe JC et al.Cladribine in treatment of chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1994; 344:9-13.
  42. ↑ Romine JS et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of cladribine in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1999; 111:35-44.
  43. ↑ Rice GP et al. Cladribine and progressive MS: clinical and MRI outcomes of a multicenter controlled trial. Cladribine MRI Study Group. Neurology 2000; 54:1145-55.
  44. ↑ Rudge P et al. Randomised double blind controlled trial of cyclosporin in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52:559-65.
  45. ↑ The MS Study group. Efficacy and toxicity of cyclosporine in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Multiple Sclerosis Study Group Ann Neurol 1990; 27:591-605.